Introduction

Iran has experienced significant public protests throughout its modern history. These events reflect deep social, political, and economic currents within the nation. Each wave of protest has had its own unique causes and characteristics. This article provides a brief look at some of the most major protests. It examines what fuelled these important moments in Iran’s recent past.

The 1979 Revolution: The Overthrow of the Monarchy

A major revolution transformed Iran in 1979. Widespread public protests led to the overthrow of the Shah. A coalition of groups joined the protests. These included secular liberals, leftists, and Islamist movements. Economic inequality and political repression fuelled the anger. The revolution resulted in the establishment of the Islamic Republic. This event defined the country’s modern political system.

The 1999 Student Protests: A Challenge to the Establishment

University students led major protests in July 1999. The trigger was the closure of a reformist newspaper. The demonstrations began in Tehran at a university dormitory. They quickly spread to other cities and campuses. Protesters called for greater social and political freedoms. The government suppressed the protests. This event showed the strength of the student reform movement.

The 2009 Green Movement: Disputed Election Aftermath

The presidential election in 2009 sparked massive protests. Millions believed the election result was fraudulent. Supporters of the opposition candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi took to the streets. They adopted the colour green as their symbol. The protests lasted for several months. They represented the largest challenge to the government since 1979. The movement was ultimately suppressed by security forces.

The 2017-2018 Economic Protests: Widespread Discontent

Economic hardship sparked nationwide protests at the end of 2017. They began over rising food prices and unemployment. The protests quickly spread to more than 80 cities. Chants expanded from economic issues to direct criticism of leaders. The scale and speed of the protests surprised many observers. These events highlighted deep public frustration with living conditions.

The 2019 Fuel Price Protests: Sudden and Severe Unrest

The government announced a sudden increase in fuel prices in November 2019. This decision triggered immediate and violent protests across the country. The internet was shut down nationally for several days. Reports indicated a severe response from security forces. The protests were some of the most intense in decades. The internet blackout made information hard to verify.

The 2022-2023 ‘Woman, Life, Freedom’ Movement

The death of Mahsa Amini in police custody sparked a major movement. She was arrested for allegedly improperly wearing her hijab. Her death led to nationwide and sustained protests. The movement used the slogan “Woman, Life, Freedom.” It focused on women’s rights and personal freedoms. Protests included people from many parts of society. The government confronted the protests with a major crackdown.

Common Themes and Fuelling Factors Across the Decades

Several common factors appear across these different protests. Economic problems like inflation and unemployment often provide a base for anger. Demands for greater personal and political freedom are a consistent theme. Many protests begin with a specific triggering event. The state’s response often involves restrictions on communication and assembly. Each protest wave leaves a lasting impact on Iranian society and politics.